The Cusco Main Square – History and Traditions
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Last Updated on November 10, 2023 by James Bustamante
The Cusco Main Square is nestled in the majestic Imperial City of the Incas. It stands as a beacon of Peruvian heritage in the Andean region. This square, more than just a geographical center, is a melting pot of the rich historical narratives and cultural amalgamations that define Cusco. It serves as the starting point for around 1.5 million tourists visiting the Peruvian Andes every year. It is surrounded by colonial architecture that echoes the Spanish era’s influence and other structures of significant importance, encapsulating centuries of history within its realm.
The Historical Canvas of the Cusco Main Square
Tracing back to the era preceding the Spanish conquest, the Plaza de Armas played a pivotal role in the fabric of the Incan Empire. Selected by the Incas for the foundation of their capital, this square has witnessed the evolution of Cusco from an Incan stronghold to a colonial city. The history, culture, beauty, and traditions interlace within the Plaza, making it one of the most renowned squares in Peru and definitely a place to visit on your Peru tour package.
Most of the hotels surrounding the Plaza de Armas are only able to operate as long as they maintain their original Incan/colonial fusion design. This is how the local authorities maintain the local architectural aesthetics of the Incan city.
The Transformation Over Centuries: From Incas to the Present Day
The metamorphosis of the Plaza de Armas is a chronicle of resilience and adaptation. Originally a marshy land, it was ingeniously converted into a bustling square by Inca Sinchi Roca and further developed by Inca Pachacutec. It served as the Incan Empire’s administrative, religious, and cultural heart, housing significant palaces and structures. The Spanish conquest added a new layer to its identity by introducing European architectural styles and constructing impressive colonial buildings.
In the times of the Inca Empire, the Plaza de Armas spanned a considerably larger area than what is seen today. This historic square was the site of significant Inca palaces, notably those of Pachacutec and Viracocha. The Plaza held immense importance, serving as the administrative, religious, and cultural core of the capital for one of the mightiest empires in Latin America. However, the arrival of the Spanish colonizers marked a transformational phase, during which the Plaza de Armas became encircled by grandiose mansions, temples, and other impressive edifices.
The Plaza de Armas Today: A Hub of Activity and Culture
Presently, the main square of Cusco stands as a premier highlight of the Imperial City. Within its confines, visitors encounter an array of religious edifices showcasing colonial architecture, including the majestic Cusco Cathedral, the Church of the Society of Jesus, and the Chapel of Triumph. These buildings represent significant architectural landmarks in the region.
Situated in the historical heart of Cusco, the Plaza de Armas offers more than just scenic natural vistas; it is a treasure trove of historical structures, bustling tourist shops, and time-honored colonial temples. Reflecting its significance, the area ranks among the most prestigious in the city.
As a quintessential tourist hub comparable to many in Peru, the Plaza de Armas boasts a diverse collection of nightclubs, bars, museums, restaurants, artisanal shops, various fast food outlets, and traditional Picanterías. Visitors might also be able to immerse themselves in local culture through various traditional events, where the rich tapestry of Cusco’s dances and music comes to life.
These cultural festivals, often free and open to the public, offer a window into the customs of Cusco, spanning from its pre-Hispanic roots to contemporary times. Additionally, the area surrounding the square is dotted with some of the city’s most popular dining and leisure venues, allowing guests to savor Cusco’s unique flavors and ambiance.
Was it Always Called The Cusco Main Square?
What, then, is the proper designation for Cusco’s central square? Known today as the Plaza de Armas del Cusco, this historic square’s origins predate the arrival of the Spaniards, tracing back to the Inca Empire. However, its original nomenclature remains a subject of historical debate. While the square’s name is indisputably derived from the Quechua language, its exact appellation during the Inca period has yet to be definitively known.
Historical accounts preserved by various chroniclers, historians, and scholars suggest that the square was referred to as “Aucaypata”, a term that translates to “place of the warrior.” However, alternative interpretations exist, such as those proposed by Víctor Angles and George Squier. Angles, an esteemed scholar of Andean culture, posited that the square was known as Huacaypata, meaning “place of weeping,” while Squier suggested the name Huacapata, translating to “sacred place.”
Further complicating this historical tapestry, Angles elucidated that the square was originally divided into two distinct sections: Huacaypata and Cusipata. The consensus among a majority of academics supports this delineation, attributing symbolic meanings to each term. Huacaypata represented a place of sorrow, whereas Cusipata signified a “place of rejoicing.”
In contemporary times, a portion of this historic square is referred to as Plaza Regocijo, a name believed to be influenced by the various meditation and ritualistic ceremonies performed by Inca nobility, often culminating in tears. Exploring the Plaza de Armas offers a rich foray into Cusco’s layered history, making it a quintessential experience for any visitor to the city.
Navigating Cusco’s Unique Climate and Altitude
Cusco, a city steeped in history and culture, is accessible to visitors year-round, but it’s essential to consider its distinct climatic patterns to optimize your experience. The city experiences two primary weather seasons, which are significant in planning your visit. Generally, from May to October, Cusco enjoys its dry season, characterized by clear skies and more predictable weather. It is an ideal time for outdoor activities and excursions, such as a day trip to the famed Machu Picchu.
Conversely, the period from November to April marks the rainy season in Cusco. During these months, one can expect frequent and sometimes heavy rainfall, affecting travel plans, particularly when hiking or visiting archaeological sites.
The dry season offers the most favorable conditions for travelers interested in visiting Machu Picchu. The reduced likelihood of rain and clearer paths make it more conducive for the journey and exploration of the site.
Another crucial aspect to consider when visiting Cusco is its altitude. The city, including the iconic Cusco main square, sits approximately 3,400 meters above sea level. This elevation can potentially cause altitude sickness or discomfort for some visitors. However, acclimatizing to this altitude is usually manageable with appropriate precautions. It is advisable to allow a few days for acclimatization upon arrival in Cusco, during which time activities can be planned at a more relaxed pace, and attention should be paid to hydration and overall health.
Understanding these aspects of Cusco’s climate and geography is essential for a comfortable and enjoyable visit, allowing you to fully immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of this ancient city’s offerings.
A Culinary Journey Around the Plaza
The culinary landscape around the Plaza de Armas is as diverse as its history. The square is surrounded by many dining options, offering a taste of traditional Peruvian cuisine alongside international flavors. Notable establishments in the vicinity include Gaston Acurio’s Papachos and the exclusive Limo restaurant, providing a gastronomic exploration that complements the cultural experience of the Plaza.
Restaurants Near Surrounding The Cusco Main Square
Here’s a list of restaurants surrounding the Plaza de Armas in Cusco, offering a variety of cuisines and experiences:
- Fusion Andina Restaurante: A restaurant offering Peruvian and South American cuisines, located at Portal De Carnes 260 – Plaza De Armas.
- Yajuu!: Situated at Plaza de armas Portal Confituria 249, this restaurant serves fast food and Peruvian dishes.
- Micaela Restaurant: Located at Portal Comercio 121, close to Plaza de Armas, known for good food and energy.
- Mr Cuy Restaurant: Offering Peruvian, international, grill, fusion, healthy, and Latin cuisines, located at Portal De Belen 115 – 1st Floor – Main Square.
- KINTARO Japanese Restaurant: A Japanese restaurant offering healthy and pub fusion cuisines, located at Calle Plateros 334, segundo piso.
- Incanto italo peruano: This restaurant offers a mix of Peruvian and Italian cuisines, located at Calle Santa Catalina Angosta 135, Plaza de Armas.
- Molly’s Irish Bar & Restaurant Cusco: A unique blend of bar, British, international, Irish, and Peruvian cuisines, located at Calle Triunfo 350, 2nd Floor.
- Abra Bistro: Serving Peruvian, international, Mediterranean, and South American dishes, located at Calle Santa Catalina Ancha 395, 2nd Floor.
- Calle del Medio cocina peruana: Specializing in Peruvian and Latin cuisines, situated at Calle Del Medio 113, Plaza de Armas.
- Fusion Andina Restaurant: Offers Peruvian, bar, fusion, Latin, Spanish, and healthy cuisines, located at Portal De Carnes 260,051, Cuzco Peru, Plaza De Armas.
- Paucartambo Costumbres Andean Food: A restaurant offering grill, fusion, Italian, bar, cafe, pub, and South American cuisines, located at Portal Comercio 129, 2do. Piso, Plaza de Armas.
- INKAGRILL: Known for Peruvian and healthy cuisines, located at Calle Portal de Panes 115, Plaza de Armas.
- Bembos: Serving fast food and diner cuisines, located at Plaza de Armas.
- Cappuccino Cafe: A cafe located at Portal Comercio 141, On the Plaza de Armas.
- Nawi Restobar: Offering Peruvian, pizza, cafe, seafood, and international cuisines, located at Calle Portal Comercio Corner with c/ Grau.
- Restaurant Cafe Bar Pucara: Specializes in Peruvian, Latin, soups, and Japanese cuisines, located at Amargura 107.
- D’metrios Pizza: Located at Calle Abracitos 442, near Plaza de Armas.
- Fuego Burgers & Barbecue Restaurant: An American bar and beer restaurant, located at Portal de Confiturias 233B, 2nd floor.
- Kusykay Peruvian Craft Food: Known for Peruvian, Latin, and healthy cuisines, located at Calle Triunfo 338 A, a few meters from Plaza de Armas.
- Hanz Craft Beer & Restaurant: Serving Peruvian, bar, fusion, beer, and Japanese fusion cuisines, located at Calle Portal de Carnes 216.
- Jonas Cocina Fusion: Offers Peruvian, bar, grill, fusion, Latin, and healthy cuisines, located at Av. Sol N_ 106, 2_ Piso Galerias La Merced, Corner with Plaza de Armas.
- El Jardin – Healthy Food And Coffee: A cafe offering healthy and fusion cuisines, located at Calle Portal de Panes 151, Plaza De Armas Del Cusco.
A Display of Commerce and Merchants
The streets around the Plaza de Armas are a dynamic exhibition of Cusco’s street life. Here, vendors offer myriad products and services, from local crafts to delicious street food, each contributing to the lively atmosphere that defines the square. Around the Cusco main square, for example, you’ll find merchants selling Alpaca products. There are local Alpaca producers that do sell their products this way. However, it is always better to go to a local store to make sure the yarn used for the products is, in fact, real Alpaca.
Walking around the Plaza de Armas, you’ll also find locals selling street food like “Papa con Queso, ” a local potato mixed with slices of Andean cheese. This dish usually comes with a generous helping of hot sauce. In the Plaza’s commercial centers, travelers will also see restaurants and various mobile phone stands where you can purchase SIM cards.
Cusco Main Square After Dark
As evening falls, the Plaza de Armas becomes a vibrant nightlife hub. The area offers diverse entertainment options, from lively bars and clubs to more subdued pubs, each providing a unique way to experience the nocturnal side of Cusco.
Conclusion: The Plaza de Armas – A Tapestry of Peruvian Heritage
The Plaza de Armas is not just a landmark; it is a living museum that tells the story of Cusco, from its Incan roots to its colonial transformation and present-day vibrancy. It is a place where history, culture, and daily life converge, offering visitors a rich tapestry of experiences. Whether embarking on a historical exploration, a culinary adventure, or immersing in social interactions, the Plaza de Armas stands as an indispensable place for locals and tourists.
